11–2 A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant changes from saturated vapor to saturated liquid at 30°C in the condenser as it rejects heat. The evaporator pressure is 160 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to saturation lines, and determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b) the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space, and (c) the net work input. Answers: (a) 5.64, (b) 147 kJ/kg, (c) 26.1 kJ/kg Get 11.2 exercise solution
11–3E Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a steadyflow Carnot refrigerator as a saturated vapor at 90 psia, and it leaves with a quality of 0.05. The heat absorption from the refrigerated space takes place at a pressure of 30 psia. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to saturation lines, and determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b) the quality at the beginning of the heat-absorption process, and (c) the net work input. Ideal and Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles Get 11.3 exercise solution
11–4C Does the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle involve any internal irreversibilities? Get 11.4 exercise solution
11–5C Why is the throttling valve not replaced by an isentropic turbine in the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle? Get 11.5 exercise solution
11–6C It is proposed to use water instead of refrigerant134a as the working fluid in air-conditioning applications where the minimum temperature never falls below the freezing point. Would you support this proposal? Explain. Get 11.6 exercise solution
11–7C In a refrigeration system, would you recommend condensing the refrigerant-134a at a pressure of 0.7 or 1.0 MPa if heat is to be rejected to a cooling medium at 15°C? Why? Get 11.7 exercise solution
11–8C Does the area enclosed by the cycle on a T-s diagram represent the net work input for the reversed Carnot cycle? How about for the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle? Get 11.8 exercise solution
11–9C Consider two vapor-compression refrigeration cycles. The refrigerant enters the throttling valve as a saturated liquid at 30°C in one cycle and as subcooled liquid at 30°C in the other one. The evaporator pressure for both cycles is the same. Which cycle do you think will have a higher COP? Get 11.9 exercise solution
11–10C The COP of vapor-compression refrigeration cycles improves when the refrigerant is subcooled before it enters the throttling valve. Can the refrigerant be subcooled indefinitely to maximize this effect, or is there a lower limit? Explain. Get 11.10 exercise solution
11–11 A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep the refrigerated space at -30°C by rejecting its waste heat to cooling water that enters the condenser at 18°C at a rate of 0.25 kg/s and leaves at 26°C. The refrigerant enters the condenser at 1.2 MPa and 65°C and leaves at 42°C. The inlet state of the compressor is 60 kPa and -34°C and the compressor is estimated to gain a net heat of 450 W from the surroundings. Determine (a) the quality of the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, (b) the refrigeration load, (c) the COP of the refrigerator, and (d) the theoretical maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the compressor. Get 11.11 exercise solution
11–12 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between 0.12 and 0.7 MPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines. Determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment, and (c) the coefficient of performance. Answers: (a) 7.41 kW, 1.83 kW, (b) 9.23 kW, (c) 4.06 Get 11.12 exercise solution
11–13 Repeat Prob. 11–12 for a condenser pressure of 0.9 MPa. Get 11.13 exercise solution
11–14 If the throttling valve in Prob. 11–12 is replaced by an isentropic turbine, determine the percentage increase in the COP and in the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space. Answers: 4.2 percent, 4.2 percent Get 11.14 exercise solution
11–15 Consider a 300 kJ/min refrigeration system that operates on an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 140 kPa and is compressed to 800 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process, (b) the coefficient of performance, and (c) the power input to the compressor. Get 11.15 exercise solution
11–16 Reconsider Prob. 11–15. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of evaporator pressure on the COP and the power input. Let the evaporator pressure vary from 100 to 400 kPa. Plot the COP and the power input as functions of evaporator pressure, and discuss the results. Get 11.16 exercise solution
11–17 Repeat Prob. 11–15 assuming an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent for the compressor. Also, determine the rate of exergy destruction associated with the compression process in this case. Take T0 = 298 K. Get 11.17 exercise solution
11–18 Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator as superheated vapor at 0.14 MPa and -10°C at a rate of 0.12 kg/s, and it leaves at 0.7 MPa and 50°C. The refrigerant is cooled in the condenser to 24°C and 0.65 MPa, and it is throttled to 0.15 MPa. Disregarding any heat transfer and pressure drops in the connecting lines between the components, show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor, (b) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator. Get 11.18 exercise solution
11–19E An ice-making machine operates on the ideal vapor-compression cycle, using refrigerant-134a. The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 20 psia and leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 80 psia. Water enters the ice machine at 55°F and leaves as ice at 25°F. For an ice production rate of 15 lbm/h, determine the power input to the ice machine (169 Btu of heat needs to be removed from each lbm of water at 55°F to turn it into ice at 25°F). Get 11.19 exercise solution
11–20 Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator at 140 kPa and -10°C at a rate of 0.3 m3/min and leaves at 1 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 78 percent. The refrigerant enters the throttling valve at 0.95 MPa and 30°C and leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor at -18.5°C. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the pressure drop and rate of heat gain in the line between the evaporator and the compressor. Get 11.20 exercise solution
11–21 Reconsider Prob. 11–20. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effects of varying the compressor isentropic efficiency over the range 60 to 100 percent and the compressor inlet volume flow rate from 0.1 to 1.0 m3/min on the power input and the rate of refrigeration. Plot the rate of refrigeration and the power input to the compressor as functions of compressor efficiency for compressor inlet volume flow rates of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 m3/min, and discuss the results. Get 11.21 exercise solution
11–22 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant enters the evaporator at 120 kPa with a quality of 30 percent and leaves the compressor at 60°C. If the compressor consumes 450 W of power, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the condenser pressure, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator. Answers: (a) 0.00727 kg/s, (b) 672 kPa, (c) 2.43 Selecting the Right Refrigerant Get 11.22 exercise solution
11–23C When selecting a refrigerant for a certain application, what qualities would you look for in the refrigerant? Get 11.23 exercise solution
11–24C Consider a refrigeration system using refrigerant134a as the working fluid. If this refrigerator is to operate in an environment at 30°C, what is the minimum pressure to which the refrigerant should be compressed? Why? Get 11.24 exercise solution
11–25C A refrigerant-134a refrigerator is to maintain the refrigerated space at -10°C. Would you recommend an evaporator pressure of 0.12 or 0.14 MPa for this system? Why? Get 11.25 exercise solution
11–26 A refrigerator that operates on the ideal vaporcompression cycle with refrigerant-134a is to maintain the refrigerated space at -10°C while rejecting heat to the environment at 25°C. Select reasonable pressures for the evaporator and the condenser, and explain why you chose those values. Get 11.26 exercise solution
11–27 A heat pump that operates on the ideal vaporcompression cycle with refrigerant-134a is used to heat a house and maintain it at 22°C by using underground water at 10°C as the heat source. Select reasonable pressures for the evaporator and the condenser, and explain why you chose those values. Get 11.27 exercise solution
11–28C Do you think a heat pump system will be more cost-effective in New York or in Miami? Why? Get 11.28 exercise solution
11–29C What is a water-source heat pump? How does the COP of a water-source heat pump system compare to that of an air-source system? Get 11.29 exercise solution
11–30E A heat pump that operates on the ideal vaporcompression cycle with refrigerant-134a is used to heat a house and maintain it at 75°F by using underground water at 50°F as the heat source. The house is losing heat at a rate of 60,000 Btu/h. The evaporator and condenser pressures are 50 and 120 psia, respectively. Determine the power input to the heat pump and the electric power saved by using a heat pump instead of a resistance heater. Answers: 2.46 hp, 21.1 hp Get 11.30 exercise solution
11–31 A heat pump that operates on the ideal vaporcompression cycle with refrigerant-134a is used to heat water from 15 to 45°C at a rate of 0.12 kg/s. The condenser and evaporator pressures are 1.4 and 0.32 MPa, respectively. Determine the power input to the heat pump. Get 11.31 exercise solution
11–32 A heat pump using refrigerant-134a heats a house by using underground water at 8°C as the heat source. The house is losing heat at a rate of 60,000 kJ/h. The refrigerant enters the compressor at 280 kPa and 0°C, and it leaves at 1 MPa and 60°C. The refrigerant exits the condenser at 30°C. Determine (a) the power input to the heat pump, (b) the rate of heat absorption from the water, and (c) the increase in electric power input if an electric resistance heater is used instead of a heat pump. Get 11.32 exercise solution
11–33 Reconsider Prob. 11–32. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of varying the compressor isentropic efficiency over the range 60 to 100 percent. Plot the power input to the compressor and the electric power saved by using a heat pump rather than electric resistance heating as functions of compressor efficiency, and discuss the results. Get 11.33 exercise solution
11–34 Refrigerant-134a enters the condenser of a residential heat pump at 800 kPa and 55°C at a rate of 0.018 kg/s and leaves at 750 kPa subcooled by 3°C. The refrigerant enters the compressor at 200 kPa superheated by 4°C. Determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the compressor, (b) the rate of heat supplied to the heated room, and (c) the COP of the heat pump. Also, determine (d) the COP and the rate of heat supplied to the heated room if this heat pump operated on the ideal vapor-compression cycle between the pressure limits of 200 and 800 kPa. Get 11.34 exercise solution
11–35 A heat pump with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep a space at 25°C by absorbing heat from geothermal water that enters the evaporator at 50°C at a rate of 0.065 kg/s and leaves at 40°C. The refrigerant enters the evaporator at 20°C with a quality of 23 percent and leaves at the inlet pressure as saturated vapor. The refrigerant loses 300 W of heat to the surroundings as it flows through the compressor and the refrigerant leaves the compressor at 1.4 MPa at the same entropy as the inlet. Determine (a) the degrees of subcooling of the refrigerant in the condenser, (b) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (c) the heating load and the COP of the heat pump, and (d) the theoretical minimum power input to the compressor for the same heating load. Answers: (a) 3.8°C, (b) 0.0194 kg/s, (c) 3.07 kW, 4.68, (d) 0.238 kW Innovative Refrigeration Systems Get 11.35 exercise solution
11–36C What is cascade refrigeration? What are the advantages and disadvantages of cascade refrigeration? Get 11.36 exercise solution
11–37C How does the COP of a cascade refrigeration system compare to the COP of a simple vapor-compression cycle operating between the same pressure limits? Get 11.37 exercise solution
11–38C A certain application requires maintaining the refrigerated space at -32°C. Would you recommend a simple refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a or a two-stage cascade refrigeration cycle with a different refrigerant at the bottoming cycle? Why? Get 11.38 exercise solution
11–39C Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration cycle and a two-stage compression refrigeration cycle with a flash chamber. Both cycles operate between the same pressure limits and use the same refrigerant. Which system would you favor? Why? Get 11.39 exercise solution
11–40C Can a vapor-compression refrigeration system with a single compressor handle several evaporators operating at different pressures? How? Get 11.40 exercise solution
11–41C In the liquefaction process, why are gases compressed to very high pressures? Get 11.41 exercise solution
11–42 Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 0.8 and 0.14 MPa. Each stage operates on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from the lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger where both streams enter at about 0.4 MPa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle is 0.24 kg/s, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the lower cycle, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor, and (c) the coefficient of performance of this cascade refrigerator. Get 11.42 exercise solution
11–43 Repeat Prob. 11–42 for a heat exchanger pressure of 0.55 MPa. Get 11.43 exercise solution
11–44 A two-stage compression refrigeration system operates with refrigerant-134a between the pressure limits of 1 and 0.14 MPa. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.5 MPa. The refrigerant leaving the low-pressure compressor at 0.5 MPa is also routed to the flash chamber. The vapor in the flash chamber is then compressed to the condenser pressure by the high-pressure compressor, and the liquid is throttled to the evaporator pressure. Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor and both compressors are isentropic, determine (a) the fraction of the refrigerant that evaporates as it is throttled to the flash chamber, (b) the rate of heat removed from the refrigerated space for a mass flow rate of 0.25 kg/s through the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance. Get 11.44 exercise solution
11–45 Reconsider Prob. 11–44. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the various refrigerants for compressor efficiencies of 80, 90, and 100 percent. Compare the performance of the refrigeration system with different refrigerants. Get 11.45 exercise solution
11–46 Repeat Prob. 11–44 for a flash chamber pressure of 0.32 MPa. Get 11.46 exercise solution
11–47 Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 1.2 MPa and 200 kPa with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. Heat rejection from the lower cycle to the upper cycle takes place in an adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger where the pressure in the upper and lower cycles are 0.4 and 0.5 MPa, respectively. In both cycles, the refrigerant is a saturated liquid at the condenser exit and a saturated vapor at the compressor inlet, and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80 percent. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the lower cycle is 0.15 kg/s, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the upper cycle, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of this refrigerator. Get 11.47 exercise solution
11–48 Consider a two-stage cascade refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 1.2 MPa and 200 kPa with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.45 MPa. Part of the refrigerant evaporates during this flashing process, and this vapor is mixed with the refrigerant leaving the low-pressure compressor. The mixture is then compressed to the condenser pressure by the high-pressure compressor. The liquid in the flash chamber is throttled to the evaporator pressure and cools the refrigerated space as it vaporizes in the evaporator. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the low-pressure compressor is 0.15 kg/s. Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor and the isentropic efficiency is 80 percent for both compressors, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant through the high-pressure compressor, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of this refrigerator. Also, determine (d) the rate of heat removal and the COP if this refrigerator operated on a single-stage cycle between the same pressure limits with the same compressor efficiency and the same flow rate as in part (a). Get 11.48 exercise solution
11–49C How does the ideal-gas refrigeration cycle differ from the Brayton cycle? Get 11.49 exercise solution
11–50C Devise a refrigeration cycle that works on the reversed Stirling cycle. Also, determine the COP for this cycle. Get 11.50 exercise solution
11–51C How does the ideal-gas refrigeration cycle differ from the Carnot refrigeration cycle? Get 11.51 exercise solution
11–52C How is the ideal-gas refrigeration cycle modified for aircraft cooling? Get 11.52 exercise solution
11–53C In gas refrigeration cycles, can we replace the turbine by an expansion valve as we did in vapor-compression refrigeration cycles? Why? Get 11.53 exercise solution
11–54C How do we achieve very low temperatures with gas refrigeration cycles? Get 11.54 exercise solution
11–55 An ideal gas refrigeration cycle using air as the working fluid is to maintain a refrigerated space at -23°C while rejecting heat to the surrounding medium at 27°C. If the pressure ratio of the compressor is 3, determine (a) the maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle, (b) the coefficient of performance, and (c) the rate of refrigeration for a mass flow rate of 0.08 kg/s. Get 11.55 exercise solution
11–56 Air enters the compressor of an ideal gas refrigeration cycle at 12°C and 50 kPa and the turbine at 47°C and 250 kPa. The mass flow rate of air through the cycle is 0.08 kg/s. Assuming variable specific heats for air, determine (a) the rate of refrigeration, (b) the net power input, and (c) the coefficient of performance. Get 11.56 exercise solution
11–57 Reconsider Prob. 11–56. Using EES (or other) software, study the effects of compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies as they are varied from 70 to 100 percent on the rate of refrigeration, the net power input, and the COP. Plot the T-s diagram of the cycle for the isentropic case. Get 11.57 exercise solution
11–58E Air enters the compressor of an ideal gas refrigeration cycle at 40°F and 10 psia and the turbine at 120°F and 30 psia. The mass flow rate of air through the cycle is 0.5 lbm/s. Determine (a) the rate of refrigeration, (b) the net power input, and (c) the coefficient of performance. Get 11.58 exercise solution
11–59 Repeat Prob. 11–56 for a compressor isentropic efficiency of 80 percent and a turbine isentropic efficiency of 85 percent. Get 11.59 exercise solution
11–60 A gas refrigeration cycle with a pressure ratio of 3 uses helium as the working fluid. The temperature of the helium is -10°C at the compressor inlet and 50°C at the turbine inlet. Assuming adiabatic efficiencies of 80 percent for both the turbine and the compressor, determine (a) the minimum temperature in the cycle, (b) the coefficient of performance, and (c) the mass flow rate of the helium for a refrigeration rate of 18 kW. Get 11.60 exercise solution
11–61 A gas refrigeration system using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 4. Air enters the compressor at -7°C. The high-pressure air is cooled to 27°C by rejecting heat to the surroundings. It is further cooled to -15°C by regenerative cooling before it enters the turbine. Assuming both the turbine and the compressor to be isentropic and using constant specific heats at room temperature, determine (a) the lowest temperature that can be obtained by this cycle, (b) the coefficient of performance of the cycle, and (c) the mass flow rate of air for a refrigeration rate of 12 kW. Answers: (a) -99.4°C, (b) 1.12, (c) 0.237 kg/s Get 11.61 exercise solution
11–62 Repeat Prob. 11–61 assuming isentropic efficiencies of 75 percent for the compressor and 80 percent for the turbine. Get 11.62 exercise solution
11–63 A gas refrigeration system using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 5. Air enters the compressor at 0°C. The high-pressure air is cooled to 35°C by rejecting heat to the surroundings. The refrigerant leaves the turbine at -80°C and then it absorbs heat from the refrigerated space before entering the regenerator. The mass flow rate of air is 0.4 kg/s. Assuming isentropic efficiencies of 80 percent for the compressor and 85 percent for the turbine and using constant specific heats at room temperature, determine (a) the effectiveness of the regenerator, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of the cycle. Also, determine (d) the refrigeration load and the COP if this system operated on the simple gas refrigeration cycle. Use the same compressor inlet temperature as given, the same turbine inlet temperature as calculated, and the same compressor and turbine efficiencies. Answers: (a) 0.434, (b) 21.4 kW, (c) 0.478, (d) 24.7 kW, 0.599 Absorption Refrigeration Systems Get 11.63 exercise solution
11–64C What is absorption refrigeration? How does an absorption refrigeration system differ from a vapor-compression refrigeration system? Get 11.64 exercise solution
11–65C What are the advantages and disadvantages of absorption refrigeration? Get 11.65 exercise solution
11–66C Can water be used as a refrigerant in air-conditioning applications? Explain. Get 11.66 exercise solution
11–67C In absorption refrigeration cycles, why is the fluid in the absorber cooled and the fluid in the generator heated? Get 11.67 exercise solution
11–68C How is the coefficient of performance of an absorption refrigeration system defined? Get 11.68 exercise solution
11–69C What are the functions of the rectifier and the regenerator in an absorption refrigeration system? Get 11.69 exercise solution
11–70 An absorption refrigeration system that receives heat from a source at 130°C and maintains the refrigerated space at -5°C is claimed to have a COP of 2. If the environment temperature is 27°C, can this claim be valid? Justify your answer. Get 11.70 exercise solution
11–71 An absorption refrigeration system receives heat from a source at 120°C and maintains the refrigerated space at 0°C. If the temperature of the environment is 25°C, what is the maximum COP this absorption refrigeration system can have? Get 11.71 exercise solution
11–72 Heat is supplied to an absorption refrigeration system from a geothermal well at 130°C at a rate of 5 x 105 kJ/h. The environment is at 25°C, and the refrigerated space is maintained at -30°C. Determine the maximum rate at which this system can remove heat from the refrigerated space. Get 11.72 exercise solution
11–73E Heat is supplied to an absorption refrigeration system from a geothermal well at 250°F at a rate of 105 Btu/h. The environment is at 80°F, and the refrigerated space is maintained at 0°F. If the COP of the system is 0.55, determine the rate at which this system can remove heat from the refrigerated space. Get 11.73 exercise solution
11–74 A reversible absorption refrigerator consists of a reversible heat engine and a reversible refrigerator. The system removes heat from a cooled space at -10°C at a rate of 22 kW. The refrigerator operates in an environment at 25°C. If the heat is supplied to the cycle by condensing saturated steam at 200°C, determine (a) the rate at which the steam condenses and (b) the power input to the reversible refrigerator. (c) If the COP of an actual absorption chiller at the same temperature limits has a COP of 0.7, determine the second law efficiency of this chiller. Get 11.74 exercise solution
11–75C What is a thermoelectric circuit? Get 11.75 exercise solution
11–76C Describe the Seebeck and the Peltier effects. Get 11.76 exercise solution
11–77C Consider a circular copper wire formed by connecting the two ends of a copper wire. The connection point is now heated by a burning candle. Do you expect any current to flow through the wire? Get 11.77 exercise solution
11–78C An iron and a constantan wire are formed into a closed circuit by connecting the ends. Now both junctions are heated and are maintained at the same temperature. Do you expect any electric current to flow through this circuit? Get 11.78 exercise solution
11–79C A copper and a constantan wire are formed into a closed circuit by connecting the ends. Now one junction is heated by a burning candle while the other is maintained at room temperature. Do you expect any electric current to flow through this circuit? Get 11.79 exercise solution
11–80C How does a thermocouple work as a temperature measurement device? Get 11.80 exercise solution
11–81C Why are semiconductor materials preferable to metals in thermoelectric refrigerators? Get 11.81 exercise solution
11–82C Is the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator limited by the Carnot efficiency? Why? Get 11.82 exercise solution
11–83E A thermoelectric generator receives heat from a source at 340°F and rejects the waste heat to the environment at 90°F. What is the maximum thermal efficiency this thermoelectric generator can have? Get 11.83 exercise solution
11–84 A thermoelectric refrigerator removes heat from a refrigerated space at -5°C at a rate of 130 W and rejects it to an environment at 20°C. Determine the maximum coefficient of performance this thermoelectric refrigerator can have and the minimum required power input. Get 11.84 exercise solution
11–85 A thermoelectric cooler has a COP of 0.15 and removes heat from a refrigerated space at a rate of 180 W. Determine the required power input to the thermoelectric cooler, in W. Get 11.85 exercise solution
11–86E A thermoelectric cooler has a COP of 0.15 and removes heat from a refrigerated space at a rate of 20 Btu/min. Determine the required power input to the thermoelectric cooler, in hp. Get 11.86 exercise solution
11–87 A thermoelectric refrigerator is powered by a 12-V car battery that draws 3 A of current when running. The refrigerator resembles a small ice chest and is claimed to cool nine canned drinks, 0.350-L each, from 25 to 3°C in 12 h. Determine the average COP of this refrigerator. Get 11.87 exercise solution
11–88E Thermoelectric coolers that plug into the cigarette lighter of a car are commonly available. One such cooler is claimed to cool a 12-oz (0.771-lbm) drink from 78 to 38°F or to heat a cup of coffee from 75 to 130°F in about 15 min in a well-insulated cup holder. Assuming an average COP of 0.2 in the cooling mode, determine (a) the average rate of heat removal from the drink, (b) the average rate of heat supply to the coffee, and (c) the electric power drawn from the battery of the car, all in W. Get 11.88 exercise solution
11–89 It is proposed to run a thermoelectric generator in conjunction with a solar pond that can supply heat at a rate of 106 kJ/h at 80°C. The waste heat is to be rejected to the environment at 30°C. What is the maximum power this thermoelectric generator can produce? Get 11.89 exercise solution
11–90 Consider a steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle that uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle are 30 and -20°C, respectively. The quality of the refrigerant is 0.15 at the beginning of the heat absorption process and 0.80 at the end. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to saturation lines, and determine (a) the coefficient of performance, (b) the condenser and evaporator pressures, and (c) the net work input. Get 11.90 exercise solution
11–91 A large refrigeration plant is to be maintained at -15°C, and it requires refrigeration at a rate of 100 kW. The condenser of the plant is to be cooled by liquid water, which experiences a temperature rise of 8°C as it flows over the coils of the condenser. Assuming the plant operates on the ideal vapor-compression cycle using refrigerant-134a between the pressure limits of 120 and 700 kPa, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the power input to the compressor, and (c) the mass flow rate of the cooling water. Get 11.91 exercise solution
11–92 Reconsider Prob. 11–91. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of evaporator pressure on the COP and the power input. Let the evaporator pressure vary from 120 to 380 kPa. Plot the COP and the power input as functions of evaporator pressure, and discuss the results. Get 11.92 exercise solution
11–93 Repeat Prob. 11–91 assuming the compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 75 percent. Also, determine the rate of exergy destruction associated with the compression process in this case. Take T0 = 25°C. Get 11.93 exercise solution
11–94 A heat pump that operates on the ideal vaporcompression cycle with refrigerant-134a is used to heat a house. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.32 kg/s. The condenser and evaporator pressures are 900 and 200 kPa, respectively. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the rate of heat supply to the house, (b) the volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet, and (c) the COP of this heat pump. Get 11.94 exercise solution
11–95 Derive a relation for the COP of the two-stage refrigeration system with a flash chamber as shown in Fig. 11–12 in terms of the enthalpies and the quality at state 6. Consider a unit mass in the condenser. Get 11.95 exercise solution
11–96 Consider a two-stage compression refrigeration system operating between the pressure limits of 0.8 and 0.14 MPa. The working fluid is refrigerant-134a. The refrigerant leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid and is throttled to a flash chamber operating at 0.4 MPa. Part of the refrigerant evaporates during this flashing process, and this vapor is mixed with the refrigerant leaving the low-pressure compressor. The mixture is then compressed to the condenser pressure by the high-pressure compressor. The liquid in the flash chamber is throttled to the evaporator pressure, and it cools the refrigerated space as it vaporizes in the evaporator. Assuming the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as saturated vapor and both compressors are isentropic, determine (a) the fraction of the refrigerant that evaporates as it is throttled to the flash chamber, (b) the amount of heat removed from the refrigerated space and the compressor work per unit mass of refrigerant flowing through the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance. Answers: (a) 0.165, (b) 146.4 kJ/kg, 32.6 kJ/kg, (c) 4.49 Get 11.96 exercise solution
11–97 An aircraft on the ground is to be cooled by a gas refrigeration cycle operating with air on an open cycle. Air enters the compressor at 30°C and 100 kPa and is compressed to 250 kPa. Air is cooled to 70°C before it enters the turbine. Assuming both the turbine and the compressor to be isentropic, determine the temperature of the air leaving the turbine and entering the cabin. Get 11.97 exercise solution
11–98 Consider a regenerative gas refrigeration cycle using helium as the working fluid. Helium enters the compressor at 100 kPa and -10°C and is compressed to 300 kPa. Helium is then cooled to 20°C by water. It then enters the regenerator where it is cooled further before it enters the turbine. Helium leaves the refrigerated space at -25°C and enters the regenerator. Assuming both the turbine and the compressor to be isentropic, determine (a) the temperature of the helium at the turbine inlet, (b) the coefficient of performance of the cycle, and (c) the net power input required for a mass flow rate of 0.45 kg/s. Get 11.98 exercise solution
11–99 An absorption refrigeration system is to remove heat from the refrigerated space at -10°C at a rate of 12 kW while operating in an environment at 25°C. Heat is to be supplied from a solar pond at 85°C. What is the minimum rate of heat supply required? Get 11.99 exercise solution
11–100 Reconsider Prob. 11–99. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the source temperature on the minimum rate of heat supply. Let the source temperature vary from 50 to 250°C. Plot the minimum rate of heat supply as a function of source temperature, and discuss the results. Get 11.100 exercise solution
11–101 A typical 200-m2 house can be cooled adequately by a 3.5-ton air conditioner whose COP is 4.0. Determine the rate of heat gain of the house when the air conditioner is running continuously to maintain a constant temperature in the house. Get 11.101 exercise solution
11–102 Rooms with floor areas of up to 15-m2 are cooled adequately by window air conditioners whose cooling capacity is 5000 Btu/h. Assuming the COP of the air conditioner to be 3.5, determine the rate of heat gain of the room, in Btu/h, when the air conditioner is running continuously to maintain a constant room temperature. Get 11.102 exercise solution
11–103 A gas refrigeration system using air as the working fluid has a pressure ratio of 5. Air enters the compressor at 0°C. The high-pressure air is cooled to 35°C by rejecting heat to the surroundings. The refrigerant leaves the turbine at -80°C and enters the refrigerated space where it absorbs heat before entering the regenerator. The mass flow rate of air is 0.4 kg/s. Assuming isentropic efficiencies of 80 percent for the compressor and 85 percent for the turbine and using variable specific heats, determine (a) the effectiveness of the regenerator, (b) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the COP of the cycle. Also, determine (d) the refrigeration load and the COP if this system operated on the simple gas refrigeration cycle. Use the same compressor inlet temperature as given, the same turbine inlet temperature as calculated, and the same compressor and turbine efficiencies. Get 11.103 exercise solution
11–104 An air conditioner with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is used to keep a room at 26°C by rejecting the waste heat to the outside air at 34°C. The room is gaining heat through the walls and the windows at a rate of 250 kJ/min while the heat generated by the computer, TV, and lights amounts to 900 W. An unknown amount of heat is also generated by the people in the room. The condenser and evaporator pressures are 1200 and 500 kPa, respectively. The refrigerant is saturated liquid at the condenser exit and saturated vapor at the compressor inlet. If the refrigerant enters the compressor at a rate of 100 L/min and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 75 percent, determine (a) the temperature of the refrigerant at the compressor exit, (b) the rate of heat generation by the people in the room, (c) the COP of the air conditioner, and (d) the minimum volume flow rate of the refrigerant at the compressor inlet for the same compressor inlet and exit conditions. Get 11.104 exercise solution
11–105 A heat pump water heater (HPWH) heats water by absorbing heat from the ambient air and transferring it to water. The heat pump has a COP of 2.2 and consumes 2 kW of electricity when running. Determine if this heat pump can be used to meet the cooling needs of a room most of the time for “free” by absorbing heat from the air in the room. The rate of heat gain of a room is usually less than 5000 kJ/h. Get 11.105 exercise solution
11–106 The vortex tube (also known as a Ranque or Hirsch tube) is a device that produces a refrigeration effect by expanding pressurized gas such as air in a tube (instead of a turbine as in the reversed Brayton cycle). It was invented and patented by Ranque in 1931 and improved by Hirsch in 1945, and is commercially available in various sizes. The vortex tube is simply a straight circular tube equipped with a nozzle, as shown in the figure. The compressed gas at temperature T1 and pressure P1 is accelerated in the nozzle by expanding it to nearly atmospheric pressure and is introduced into the tube tangentially at a very high (typically supersonic) velocity to produce a swirling motion (vortex) within the tube. The rotating gas is allowed to exit through the full-size tube that extends to the right, and the mass flow rate is controlled by a valve located about 30 diameters downstream. A smaller amount of air at the core region is allowed to escape to the left through a small aperture at the center. It is observed that the gas that is in the core region and escapes through the central aperture is cold while the gas that is in the peripheral region and escapes through the full-size tube is hot. If the temperature and the mass flow rate of the cold stream are Tc and m . c, respectively, the rate of refrigeration in the vortex tube can be expressed as
where cp is the specific heat of the gas and T1 Tc is the temperature drop of the gas in the vortex tube (the cooling effect). Temperature drops as high as 60°C (or 108°F) are obtained at high pressure ratios of about 10. The coefficient of performance of a vortex tube can be defined as the ratio of the refrigeration rate as given above to the power used to compress the gas. It ranges from about 0.1 to 0.15, which is well below the COPs of ordinary vapor compression refrigerators. This interesting phenomenon can be explained as follows: the centrifugal force creates a radial pressure gradient in the vortex, and thus the gas at the periphery is pressurized and heated by the gas at the core region, which is cooled as a result. Also, energy is transferred from the inner layers toward the outer layers as the outer layers slow down the inner layers because of fluid viscosity that tends to produce a solid vortex. Both of these effects cause the energy and thus the temperature of the gas in the core region to decline. The conservation of energy requires the energy of the fluid at the outer layers to increase by an equivalent amount. The vortex tube has no moving parts, and thus it is inherently reliable and durable. The ready availability of the compressed air at pressures up to 10 atm in most industrial facilities makes the vortex tube particularly attractive in such settings. Despite its low efficiency, the vortex tube has found application in small-scale industrial spot-cooling operations such as cooling of soldered parts or critical electronic components, cooling drinking water, and cooling the suits of workers in hot environments. Consider a vortex tube that receives compressed air at 500 kPa and 300 K and supplies 25 percent of it as cold air at 100 kPa and 278 K. The ambient air is at 300 K and 100 kPa, and the compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 80 percent. The air suffers a pressure drop of 35 kPa in the aftercooler and the compressed air lines between the compressor and the vortex tube. (a) Without performing any calculations, explain how the COP of the vortex tube would compare to the COP of an actual air refrigeration system based on the reversed Brayton cycle for the same pressure ratio. Also, compare the minimum temperatures that can be obtained by the two systems for the same inlet temperature and pressure. (b) Assuming the vortex tube to be adiabatic and using specific heats at room temperature, determine the exit temperature of the hot fluid stream. (c) Show, with calculations, that this process does not violate the second law of thermodynamics. (d) Determine the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration system, and compare it to the COP of a Carnot refrigerator. Get 11.106 exercise solution
11–107 Repeat Prob. 11–106 for a pressure of 600 kPa at the vortex tube intake. Get 11.107 exercise solution
11–108 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the evaporator pressure on the COP of an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid. Assume the condenser pressure is kept constant at 1 MPa while the evaporator pressure is varied from 100 kPa to 500 kPa. Plot the COP of the refrigeration cycle against the evaporator pressure, and discuss the results. Get 11.108 exercise solution
11–109 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the condenser pressure on the COP of an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid. Assume the evaporator pressure is kept constant at 120 kPa while the condenser pressure is varied from 400 to 1400 kPa. Plot the COP of the refrigeration cycle against the condenser pressure, and discuss the results. Get 11.109 exercise solution
11–110 Consider a heat pump that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle with R-134a as the working fluid executed under the saturation dome between the pressure limits of 140 and 800 kPa. R-134a changes from saturated vapor to saturated liquid during the heat rejection process. The net work input for this cycle is (a) 28 kJ/kg (b) 34 kJ/kg (c) 49 kJ/kg (d)144 kJ/kg (e) 275 kJ/kg Get 11.110 exercise solution
11–111 A refrigerator removes heat from a refrigerated space at -5°C at a rate of 0.35 kJ/s and rejects it to an environment at 20°C. The minimum required power input is (a) 30 W (b) 33 W (c) 56 W (d)124 W (e) 350 W Get 11.111 exercise solution
11–112 A refrigerator operates on the ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid between the pressure limits of 120 and 800 kPa. If the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is 32 kJ/s, the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is (a) 0.19 kg/s (b) 0.15 kg/s (c) 0.23 kg/s (d)0.28 kg/s (e) 0.81 kg/s Get 11.112 exercise solution
11–113 A heat pump operates on the ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid between the pressure limits of 0.32 and 1.2 MPa. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.193 kg/s, the rate of heat supply by the heat pump to the heated space is (a) 3.3 kW (b) 23 kW (c) 26 kW (d)31 kW (e) 45 kW Get 11.113 exercise solution
11–114 An ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of 120 kPa and 1000 kPa. The mass fraction of the refrigerant that is in the liquid phase at the inlet of the evaporator is (a) 0.65 (b) 0.60 (c) 0.40 (d)0.55 (e) 0.35 Get 11.114 exercise solution
11–115 Consider a heat pump that operates on the ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid between the pressure limits of 0.32 and 1.2 MPa. The coefficient of performance of this heat pump is (a) 0.17 (b) 1.2 (c) 3.1 (d)4.9 (e) 5.9 Get 11.115 exercise solution
11–116 An ideal gas refrigeration cycle using air as the working fluid operates between the pressure limits of 80 and 280 kPa. Air is cooled to 35°C before entering the turbine. The lowest temperature of this cycle is (a) -58°C (b) -26°C (c) 5°C (d)11°C (e) 24°C Get 11.116 exercise solution
11–117 Consider an ideal gas refrigeration cycle using helium as the working fluid. Helium enters the compressor at 100 kPa and -10°C and compressed to 250 kPa. Helium is then cooled to 20°C before it enters the turbine. For a mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s, the net power input required is (a) 9.3 kW (b) 27.6 kW (c) 48.8 kW (d)93.5 kW (e) 119 kW Get 11.117 exercise solution
11–118 An absorption air-conditioning system is to remove heat from the conditioned space at 20°C at a rate of 150 kJ/s while operating in an environment at 35°C. Heat is to be supplied from a geothermal source at 140°C. The minimum rate of heat supply is (a) 86 kJ/s (b) 21 kJ/s (c) 30 kJ/s (d)61 kJ/s (e) 150 kJ/s Get 11.118 exercise solution
11–119 Consider a refrigerator that operates on the vapor compression refrigeration cycle with R-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 160 kPa, and exits at 800 kPa and 50°C, and leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at 800 kPa. The coefficient of performance of this refrigerator is (a) 2.6 (b) 1.0 (c) 4.2 (d)3.2 (e) 4.4 Get 11.119 exercise solution
