Themordynamics Cengel & Boles 5th edition - Chapter 10 - Solutions

10–1C Why is excessive moisture in steam undesirable in steam turbines? What is the highest moisture content allowed? Get 10.1 exercise solution

10–2C Why is the Carnot cycle not a realistic model for steam power plants? Get 10.2 exercise solution

10–3E Water enters the boiler of a steady-flow Carnot engine as a saturated liquid at 180 psia and leaves with a quality of 0.90. Steam leaves the turbine at a pressure of 14.7 psia. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the quality at the end of the isothermal heat-rejection process, and (c) the net work output. Answers: (a) 19.3 percent, (b) 0.153, (c) 148 Btu/lbm Get 10.3 exercise solution

10–4 A steady-flow Carnot cycle uses water as the working fluid. Water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor as heat is transferred to it from a source at 250°C. Heat rejection takes place at a pressure of 20 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the amount of heat rejected, in kJ/kg, and (c) the net work output. Get 10.4 exercise solution

10–5 Repeat Prob. 10–4 for a heat rejection pressure of 10 kPa. Get 10.5 exercise solution

10–6 Consider a steady-flow Carnot cycle with water as the working fluid. The maximum and minimum temperatures in the cycle are 350 and 60°C. The quality of water is 0.891 at the beginning of the heat-rejection process and 0.1 at the end. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram relative to the saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency, (b) the pressure at the turbine inlet, and (c) the net work output. Answers: (a) 0.465, (b) 1.40 MPa, (c) 1623 kJ/kg The Simple Rankine Cycle Get 10.6 exercise solution

10–7C What four processes make up the simple ideal Rankine cycle? Get 10.7 exercise solution

10–8C Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed turbine inlet conditions. What is the effect of lowering the condenser pressure on Pump work input: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Turbine work (a) increases, (b) decreases, output: (c) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Cycle efficiency: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (b) decreases, at turbine exit: (c) remains the same Get 10.8 exercise solution

10–9C Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed turbine inlet temperature and condenser pressure. What is the effect of increasing the boiler pressure on Pump work input: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Turbine work (a) increases, (b) decreases, output: (c) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Cycle efficiency: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (b) decreases, at turbine exit: (c) remains the same Get 10.9 exercise solution

10–10C Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed boiler and condenser pressures. What is the effect of superheating the steam to a higher temperature on Pump work input: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Turbine work (a) increases, (b) decreases, output: (c) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Cycle efficiency: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (b) decreases, at turbine exit: (c) remains the same Get 10.10 exercise solution

10–11C How do actual vapor power cycles differ from idealized ones? Get 10.11 exercise solution

10–12C Compare the pressures at the inlet and the exit of the boiler for (a) actual and (b) ideal cycles. Get 10.12 exercise solution

10–13C The entropy of steam increases in actual steam turbines as a result of irreversibilities. In an effort to control entropy increase, it is proposed to cool the steam in the turbine by running cooling water around the turbine casing. It is argued that this will reduce the entropy and the enthalpy of the steam at the turbine exit and thus increase the work output. How would you evaluate this proposal? Get 10.13 exercise solution

10–14C Is it possible to maintain a pressure of 10 kPa in a condenser that is being cooled by river water entering at 20°C? Get 10.14 exercise solution

10–15 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 3 MPa and 50 kPa. The temperature of the steam at the turbine inlet is 300°C, and the mass flow rate of steam through the cycle is 35 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the net power output of the power plant. Get 10.15 exercise solution

10–16 Consider a 210-MW steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the quality of the steam at the turbine exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) the mass flow rate of the steam. Get 10.16 exercise solution

10–17 Repeat Prob. 10–16 assuming an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent for both the turbine and the pump. Answers: (a) 0.874, (b) 34.1 percent, (c) 194 kg/s Get 10.17 exercise solution

10–18E A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 1250 and 2 psia. The mass flow rate of steam through the cycle is 75 lbm/s. The moisture content of the steam at the turbine exit is not to exceed 10 percent. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the minimum turbine inlet temperature, (b) the rate of heat input in the boiler, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Get 10.18 exercise solution

10–19E Repeat Prob. 10–18E assuming an isentropic efficiency of 85 percent for both the turbine and the pump. Get 10.19 exercise solution

10–20 Consider a coal-fired steam power plant that produces 300 MW of electric power. The power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with turbine inlet conditions of 5 MPa and 450°C and a condenser pressure of 25 kPa. The coal has a heating value (energy released when the fuel is burned) of 29,300 kJ/kg. Assuming that 75 percent of this energy is transferred to the steam in the boiler and that the electric generator has an efficiency of 96 percent, determine (a) the overall plant efficiency (the ratio of net electric power output to the energy input as fuel) and (b) the required rate of coal supply. Get 10.20 exercise solution

10–21 Consider a solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the turbine as a saturated vapor at 1.4 MPa and leaves at 0.7 MPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 3 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the power output of this plant. Get 10.21 exercise solution

10–22 Consider a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 45 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 7 MPa and 500°C and is cooled in the condenser at a pressure of 10 kPa by running cooling water from a lake through the tubes of the condenser at a rate of 2000 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, (b) the mass flow rate of the steam, and (c) the temperature rise of the cooling water. Answers: (a) 38.9 percent, (b) 36 kg/s, (c) 8.4°C Get 10.22 exercise solution

10–23 Repeat Prob. 10–22 assuming an isentropic efficiency of 87 percent for both the turbine and the pump. Answers: (a) 33.8 percent, (b) 41.4 kg/s, (c) 10.5°C Get 10.23 exercise solution

10–24 The net work output and the thermal efficiency for the Carnot and the simple ideal Rankine cycles with steam as the working fluid are to be calculated and compared. Steam enters the turbine in both cases at 10 MPa as a saturated vapor, and the condenser pressure is 20 kPa. In the Rankine cycle, the condenser exit state is saturated liquid and in the Carnot cycle, the boiler inlet state is saturated liquid. Draw the T-s diagrams for both cycles. Get 10.24 exercise solution

10–25 A binary geothermal power plant uses geothermal water at 160°C as the heat source. The cycle operates on the simple Rankine cycle with isobutane as the working fluid. Heat is transferred to the cycle by a heat exchanger in which geothermal liquid water enters at 160°C at a rate of 555.9 kg/s and leaves at 90°C. Isobutane enters the turbine at 3.25 MPa and 147°C at a rate of 305.6 kg/s, and leaves at 79.5°C and 410 kPa. Isobutane is condensed in an air-cooled condenser and pumped to the heat exchanger pressure. Assuming the pump to have an isentropic efficiency of 90 percent, determine (a) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, (b) the net power output of the plant, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Get 10.25 exercise solution

10–26 The schematic of a single-flash geothermal power plant with state numbers is given in Fig. P10–26. Geothermal resource exists as saturated liquid at 230°C. The geothermal liquid is withdrawn from the production well at a rate of 230 kg/s, and is flashed to a pressure of 500 kPa by an essentially isenthalpic flashing process where the resulting vapor is separated from the liquid in a separator and directed to the turbine. The steam leaves the turbine at 10 kPa with a moisture content of 10 percent and enters the condenser where it is condensed and routed to a reinjection well along with the liquid coming off the separator. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the turbine, (b) the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, (c) the power output of the turbine, and (d) the thermal efficiency of the plant (the ratio of the turbine work output to the energy of the geothermal fluid relative to standard ambient conditions). Get 10.26 exercise solution

10–27 Reconsider Prob. 10–26. Now, it is proposed that the liquid water coming out of the separator be routed through another flash chamber maintained at 150 kPa, and the steam produced be directed to a lower stage of the same turbine. Both streams of steam leave the turbine at the same state of 10 kPa and 90 percent quality. Determine (a) the temperature of steam at the outlet of the second flash chamber, (b) the power produced by the lower stage of the turbine, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the plant. Get 10.27 exercise solution

10–28 Reconsider Prob. 10–26. Now, it is proposed that the liquid water coming out of the separator be used as the heat source in a binary cycle with isobutane as the working fluid. Geothermal liquid water leaves the heat exchanger at 90°C while isobutane enters the turbine at 3.25 MPa and 145°C and leaves at 80°C and 400 kPa. Isobutane is condensed in an air-cooled condenser and then pumped to the heat exchanger pressure. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 90 percent for the pump, determine (a) the mass flow rate of isobutane in the binary cycle, (b) the net power outputs of both the flashing and the binary sections of the plant, and (c) the thermal efficiencies of the binary cycle and the combined plant Get 10.28 exercise solution

10–29C How do the following quantities change when a simple ideal Rankine cycle is modified with reheating? Assume the mass flow rate is maintained the same. Pump work input: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Turbine work (a) increases, (b) decreases, output: (c) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (b) decreases, at turbine exit: (c) remains the same Get 10.29 exercise solution

10–30C Show the ideal Rankine cycle with three stages of reheating on a T-s diagram. Assume the turbine inlet temperature is the same for all stages. How does the cycle efficiency vary with the number of reheat stages? Get 10.30 exercise solution

10–31C Consider a simple Rankine cycle and an ideal Rankine cycle with three reheat stages. Both cycles operate between the same pressure limits. The maximum temperature is 700°C in the simple cycle and 450°C in the reheat cycle. Which cycle do you think will have a higher thermal efficiency? Get 10.31 exercise solution

10–32 A steam power plant operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Steam enters the highpressure turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C and leaves at 3 MPa. Steam is then reheated at constant pressure to 500°C before it expands to 20 kPa in the low-pressure turbine. Determine the turbine work output, in kJ/kg, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Also, show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines. Get 10.32 exercise solution

10–33 Reconsider Prob. 10–32. Using EES (or other) software, solve this problem by the diagram window data entry feature of EES. Include the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies and also show the effects of reheat on the steam quality at the low-pressure turbine exit. Plot the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines. Discuss the results of your parametric studies. Get 10.33 exercise solution

10–34 Consider a steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 80 MW. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and the low-pressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500°C. Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at a pressure of 10 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of the pump is 95 percent. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the quality (or temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) the mass flow rate of the steam. Get 10.34 exercise solution

10–35 Repeat Prob. 10–34 assuming both the pump and the turbine are isentropic. Answers: (a) 0.949, (b) 41.3 percent, (c) 50.0 kg/s Get 10.35 exercise solution

10–36E Steam enters the high-pressure turbine of a steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle at 800 psia and 900°F and leaves as saturated vapor. Steam is then reheated to 800°F before it expands to a pressure of 1 psia. Heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of 6 x 104 Btu/s. Steam is cooled in the condenser by the cooling water from a nearby river, which enters the condenser at 45°F. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the pressure at which reheating takes place, (b) the net power output and thermal efficiency, and (c) the minimum mass flow rate of the cooling water required. Get 10.36 exercise solution

10–37 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 15 MPa and 10 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the cycle is 12 kg/s. Steam enters both stages of the turbine at 500°C. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the low-pressure turbine is not to exceed 10 percent, determine (a) the pressure at which reheating takes place, (b) the total rate of heat input in the boiler, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Also, show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines. Get 10.37 exercise solution

10–38 A steam power plant operates on the reheat Rankine cycle. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 12.5 MPa and 550°C at a rate of 7.7 kg/s and leaves at 2 MPa. Steam is then reheated at constant pressure to 450°C before it expands in the low-pressure turbine. The isentropic efficiencies of the turbine and the pump are 85 percent and 90 percent, respectively. Steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid. If the moisture content of the steam at the exit of the turbine is not to exceed 5 percent, determine (a) the condenser pressure, (b) the net power output, and (c) the thermal efficiency Get 10.38 exercise solution

10–39C How do the following quantities change when the simple ideal Rankine cycle is modified with regeneration? Assume the mass flow rate through the boiler is the same. Turbine work (a) increases, (b) decreases, output: (c) remains the same Heat supplied: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Heat rejected: (a) increases, (b) decreases, (c) remains the same Moisture content (a) increases, (b) decreases, at turbine exit: (c) remains the same Get 10.39 exercise solution

10–40C During a regeneration process, some steam is extracted from the turbine and is used to heat the liquid water leaving the pump. This does not seem like a smart thing to do since the extracted steam could produce some more work in the turbine. How do you justify this action? Get 10.40 exercise solution

10–41C How do open feedwater heaters differ from closed feedwater heaters? Get 10.41 exercise solution

10–42C Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle and an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. The two cycles are very much alike, except the feedwater in the regenerative cycle is heated by extracting some steam just before it enters the turbine. How would you compare the efficiencies of these two cycles? Get 10.42 exercise solution

10–43C Devise an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle that has the same thermal efficiency as the Carnot cycle. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram. Get 10.43 exercise solution

10–44 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 6 MPa and 450°C and is condensed in the condenser at 20 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.4 MPa to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. Water leaves the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram, and determine (a) the net work output per kilogram of steam flowing through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Answers: (a) 1017 kJ/kg, (b) 37.8 percent Get 10.44 exercise solution

10–45 Repeat Prob. 10–44 by replacing the open feedwater heater with a closed feedwater heater. Assume that the feedwater leaves the heater at the condensation temperature of the extracted steam and that the extracted steam leaves the heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the line carrying the feedwater. Get 10.45 exercise solution

10–46 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater heaters. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 600°C and exhausts to the condenser at 5 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.6 and 0.2 MPa. Water leaves both feedwater heaters as a saturated liquid. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler is 22 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram, and determine (a) the net power output of the power plant and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Get 10.46 exercise solution

10–47 Consider an ideal steam regenerative Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters, one closed and one open. Steam enters the turbine at 12.5 MPa and 550°C and exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.8 MPa for the closed feedwater heater and at 0.3 MPa for the open one. The feedwater is heated to the condensation temperature of the extracted steam in the closed feedwater heater. The extracted steam leaves the closed feedwater heater as a saturated liquid, which is subsequently throttled to the open feedwater heater. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 250 MW and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Get 10.47 exercise solution

10–48 Reconsider Prob. 10–47. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effects of turbine and pump efficiencies as they are varied from 70 percent to 100 percent on the mass flow rate and thermal efficiency. Plot the mass flow rate and the thermal efficiency as a function of turbine efficiency for pump efficiencies of 70, 85, and 100 percent, and discuss the results. Also plot the T-s diagram for turbine and pump efficiencies of 85 percent. Get 10.48 exercise solution

10–49 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat– regenerative Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 80 MW. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 10 MPa and 550°C and leaves at 0.8 MPa. Some steam is extracted at this pressure to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The rest of the steam is reheated to 500°C and is expanded in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 10 kPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Answers: (a) 54.5 kg/s, (b) 44.4 percent Get 10.49 exercise solution

10–50 Repeat Prob. 10–49, but replace the open feedwater heater with a closed feedwater heater. Assume that the feed water leaves the heater at the condensation temperature of the extracted steam and that the extracted steam leaves the heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the line carrying the feedwater. Get 10.50 exercise solution

10–51E A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat–regenerative Rankine cycle with one reheater and two open feedwater heaters. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 1500 psia and 1100°F and leaves the low-pressure turbine at 1 psia. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 250 and 40 psia, and it is reheated to 1000°F at a pressure of 140 psia. Water leaves both feedwater heaters as a saturated liquid. Heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of 4 105 Btu/s. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler, (b) the net power output of the plant, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Get 10.51 exercise solution

10–52 A steam power plant operates on the reheatregenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 12.5 MPa and 550°C at a rate of 24 kg/s and is condensed in the condenser at a pressure of 20 kPa. Steam is reheated at 5 MPa to 550°C. Some steam is extracted from the low-pressure turbine at 1.0 MPa, is completely condensed in the closed feedwater heater, and pumped to 12.5 MPa before it mixes with the feedwater at the same pressure. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 88 percent for both the turbine and the pump, determine (a) the temperature of the steam at the inlet of the closed feedwater heater, (b) the mass flow rate of the steam extracted from the turbine for the closed feedwater heater, (c) the net power output, and (d) the thermal efficiency. Get 10.52 exercise solution

10–53C How can the second-law efficiency of a simple ideal Rankine cycle be improved? Get 10.53 exercise solution

10–54 Determine the exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the Rankine cycle described in Prob. 10–15, assuming a source temperature of 1500 K and a sink temperature of 290 K. Get 10.54 exercise solution

10–55 Determine the exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the Rankine cycle described in Prob. 10–16, assuming a source temperature of 1500 K and a sink temperature of 290 K. Get 10.55 exercise solution

10–56 Determine the exergy destruction associated with the heat rejection process in Prob. 10–22. Assume a source temperature of 1500 K and a sink temperature of 290 K. Also, determine the exergy of the steam at the boiler exit. Take P0 = 100 kPa. Get 10.56 exercise solution

10–57 Determine the exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the reheat Rankine cycle described in Prob. 10–32. Assume a source temperature of 1800 K and a sink temperature of 300 K. Get 10.57 exercise solution

10–58 Reconsider Prob. 10–57. Using EES (or other) software, solve this problem by the diagram window data entry feature of EES. Include the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies to evaluate the irreversibilities associated with each of the processes. Plot the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines. Discuss the results of your parametric studies. Get 10.58 exercise solution

10–59 Determine the exergy destruction associated with the heat addition process and the expansion process in Prob. 10–34. Assume a source temperature of 1600 K and a sink temperature of 285 K. Also, determine the exergy of the steam at the boiler exit. Take P0 = 100 kPa. Answers: 1289 kJ/kg, 247.9 kJ/kg, 1495 kJ/kg Get 10.59 exercise solution

10–60 Determine the exergy destruction associated with the regenerative cycle described in Prob. 10–44. Assume a source temperature of 1500 K and a sink temperature of 290 K. Get 10.60 exercise solution

10–61 Determine the exergy destruction associated with the reheating and regeneration processes described in Prob. 10–49. Assume a source temperature of 1800 K and a sink temperature of 290 K. Get 10.61 exercise solution

10–62 The schematic of a single-flash geothermal power plant with state numbers is given in Fig. P10–62. Geothermal resource exists as saturated liquid at 230°C. The geothermal liquid is withdrawn from the production well at a rate of 230 kg/s and is flashed to a pressure of 500 kPa by an essentially isenthalpic flashing process where the resulting vapor is separated from the liquid in a separator and is directed to the turbine. The steam leaves the turbine at 10 kPa with a moisture content of 5 percent and enters the condenser where it is condensed; it is routed to a reinjection well along with the liquid coming off the separator. Determine (a) the power output of the turbine and the thermal efficiency of the plant, (b) the exergy of the geothermal liquid at the exit of the flash chamber, and the exergy destructions and the second-law (exergetic) efficiencies for (c) the flash chamber, (d) the turbine, and (e) the entire plant. Get 10.62 exercise solution

10–63C How is the utilization factor Pu for cogeneration plants defined? Could Pu be unity for a cogeneration plant that does not produce any power? Get 10.63 exercise solution

10–64C Consider a cogeneration plant for which the utilization factor is 1. Is the irreversibility associated with this cycle necessarily zero? Explain. Get 10.64 exercise solution

10–65C Consider a cogeneration plant for which the utilization factor is 0.5. Can the exergy destruction associated with this plant be zero? If yes, under what conditions? Get 10.65 exercise solution

10–66C What is the difference between cogeneration and regeneration? Get 10.66 exercise solution

10–67 Steam enters the turbine of a cogeneration plant at 7 MPa and 500°C. One-fourth of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 600-kPa pressure for process heating. The remaining steam continues to expand to 10 kPa. The extracted steam is then condensed and mixed with feedwater at constant pressure and the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure of 7 MPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler is 30 kg/s. Disregarding any pressure drops and heat losses in the piping, and assuming the turbine and the pump to be isentropic, determine the net power produced and the utilization factor of the plant. Get 10.67 exercise solution

10–68E A large food-processing plant requires 2 lbm/s of saturated or slightly superheated steam at 80 psia, which is extracted from the turbine of a cogeneration plant. The boiler generates steam at 1000 psia and 1000°F at a rate of 5 lbm/s,and the condenser pressure is 2 psia. Steam leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid. It is then mixed with the feedwater at the same pressure and this mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure. Assuming both the pumps and the turbine have isentropic efficiencies of 86 percent, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the boiler and (b) the power output of the cogeneration plant. Get 10.68 exercise solution

10–69 Steam is generated in the boiler of a cogeneration plant at 10 MPa and 450°C at a steady rate of 5 kg/s. In normal operation, steam expands in a turbine to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and is then routed to the process heater, where it supplies the process heat. Steam leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid and is pumped to the boiler pressure. In this mode, no steam passes through the condenser, which operates at 20 kPa. (a) Determine the power produced and the rate at which process heat is supplied in this mode. (b) Determine the power produced and the rate of process heat supplied if only 60 percent of the steam is routed to the process heater and the remainder is expanded to the condenser pressure. Get 10.69 exercise solution

10–70 Consider a cogeneration power plant modified with regeneration. Steam enters the turbine at 6 MPa and 450°C and expands to a pressure of 0.4 MPa. At this pressure, 60 percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine, and the remainder expands to 10 kPa. Part of the extracted steam is used to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The rest of the extracted steam is used for process heating and leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 0.4 MPa. It is subsequently mixed with the feedwater leaving the feedwater heater, and the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure. Assuming the turbines and the pumps to be isentropic, show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 15 MW. Get 10.70 exercise solution

10–71 Reconsider Prob. 10–70. Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the extraction pressure for removing steam from the turbine to be used for the process heater and open feedwater heater on the required mass flow rate. Plot the mass flow rate through the boiler as a function of the extraction pressure, and discuss the results. Get 10.71 exercise solution

10–72E Steam is generated in the boiler of a cogeneration plant at 600 psia and 800°F at a rate of 18 lbm/s. The plant is to produce power while meeting the process steam requirements for a certain industrial application. One-third of the steam leaving the boiler is throttled to a pressure of 120 psia and is routed to the process heater. The rest of the steam is expanded in an isentropic turbine to a pressure of 120 psia and is also routed to the process heater. Steam leaves the process heater at 240°F. Neglecting the pump work, determine (a) the net power produced, (b) the rate of process heat supply, and (c) the utilization factor of this plant. Get 10.72 exercise solution

10–73 A cogeneration plant is to generate power and 8600 kJ/s of process heat. Consider an ideal cogeneration steam plant. Steam enters the turbine from the boiler at 7 MPa and 500°C. One-fourth of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 600-kPa pressure for process heating. The remainder of the steam continues to expand and exhausts to the condenser at 10 kPa. The steam extracted for the process heater is condensed in the heater and mixed with the feedwater at 600 kPa. The mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure of 7 MPa. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam that must be supplied by the boiler, (b) the net power produced by the plant, and (c) the utilization factor. Get 10.73 exercise solution

10–74C In combined gas–steam cycles, what is the energy source for the steam? Get 10.74 exercise solution

10–75C Why is the combined gas–steam cycle more efficient than either of the cycles operated alone? Get 10.75 exercise solution

10–76 The gas-turbine portion of a combined gas–steam power plant has a pressure ratio of 16. Air enters the compressor at 300 K at a rate of 14 kg/s and is heated to 1500 K in the combustion chamber. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam to 400°C at 10 MPa in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat exchanger at 420 K. The steam leaving the turbine is condensed at 15 kPa. Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the steam, (b) the net power output, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. For air, assume constant specific heats at room temperature. Get 10.76 exercise solution

10–77 Consider a combined gas–steam power plant that has a net power output of 450 MW. The pressure ratio of the gas-turbine cycle is 14. Air enters the compressor at 300 K and the turbine at 1400 K. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam at 8 MPa to 400°C in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat exchanger at 460 K. An open feedwater heater incorporated with the steam cycle operates at a pressure of 0.6 MPa. The condenser pressure is 20 kPa. Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, determine (a) the mass flow rate ratio of air to steam, (b) the required rate of heat input in the combustion chamber, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. Get 10.77 exercise solution

10–78 Reconsider Prob. 10–77. Using EES (or other) software, study the effects of the gas cycle pressure ratio as it is varied from 10 to 20 on the ratio of gas flow rate to steam flow rate and cycle thermal efficiency. Plot your results as functions of gas cycle pressure ratio, and discuss the results. Get 10.78 exercise solution

10–79 Repeat Prob. 10–77 assuming isentropic efficiencies of 100 percent for the pump, 82 percent for the compressor, and 86 percent for the gas and steam turbines. Get 10.79 exercise solution

10–80 Reconsider Prob. 10–79. Using EES (or other) software, study the effects of the gas cycle pressure ratio as it is varied from 10 to 20 on the ratio of gas flow rate to steam flow rate and cycle thermal efficiency. Plot your results as functions of gas cycle pressure ratio, and discuss the results. Get 10.80 exercise solution

10–81 Consider a combined gas–steam power cycle. The topping cycle is a simple Brayton cycle that has a pressure ratio of 7. Air enters the compressor at 15°C at a rate of 10 kg/s and the gas turbine at 950°C. The bottoming cycle is a reheat Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 6 MPa and 10 kPa. Steam is heated in a heat exchanger at a rate of 1.15 kg/s by the exhaust gases leaving the gas turbine and the exhaust gases leave the heat exchanger at 200°C. Steam leaves the high-pressure turbine at 1.0 MPa and is reheated to 400°C in the heat exchanger before it expands in the lowpressure turbine. Assuming 80 percent isentropic efficiency for all pumps and turbine, determine (a) the moisture content at the exit of the low-pressure turbine, (b) the steam temperature at the inlet of the high-pressure turbine, (c) the net power output and the thermal efficiency of the combined plant. Get 10.81 exercise solution

10–82C What is a binary power cycle? What is its purpose? Get 10.82 exercise solution

10–83C By writing an energy balance on the heat exchanger of a binary vapor power cycle, obtain a relation for the ratio of mass flow rates of two fluids in terms of their enthalpies. Get 10.83 exercise solution

10–84C Why is steam not an ideal working fluid for vapor power cycles? Get 10.84 exercise solution

10–85C Why is mercury a suitable working fluid for the topping portion of a binary vapor cycle but not for the bottoming cycle? Get 10.85 exercise solution

10–86C What is the difference between the binary vapor power cycle and the combined gas–steam power cycle? Get 10.86 exercise solution

10–87 Show that the thermal efficiency of a combined gas–steam power plant hcc can be expressed as hcc = hg + hs - hghs where hg = Wg/Qin and hs = Ws/Qg,out are the thermal efficiencies of the gas and steam cycles, respectively. Using this relation, determine the thermal efficiency of a combined power cycle that consists of a topping gas-turbine cycle with an efficiency of 40 percent and a bottoming steam-turbine cycle with an efficiency of 30 percent. Get 10.87 exercise solution

10–88 It can be shown that the thermal efficiency of a combined gas–steam power plant hcc can be expressed in terms of the thermal efficiencies of the gas- and the steam-turbine cycles as hcc = hg + hs - hghs Prove that the value of hcc is greater than either of hg or hs. That is, the combined cycle is more efficient than either of the gas-turbine or steam-turbine cycles alone. Get 10.88 exercise solution

10–89 Consider a steam power plant operating on the ideal Rankine cycle with reheat between the pressure limits of 25 MPa and 10 kPa with a maximum cycle temperature of 600°C and a moisture content of 8 percent at the turbine exit. For a reheat temperature of 600°C, determine the reheat pressures of the cycle for the cases of (a) single and (b) double reheat. Get 10.89 exercise solution

10–90E The Stillwater geothermal power plant in Nevada, which started full commercial operation in 1986, is designed to operate with seven identical units. Each of these seven units consists of a pair of power cycles, labeled Level I and Level II, operating on the simple Rankine cycle using an organic fluid as the working fluid. The heat source for the plant is geothermal water (brine) entering the vaporizer (boiler) of Level I of each unit at 325°F at a rate of 384,286 lbm/h and delivering 22.79 MBtu/h (“M” stands for “million”). The organic fluid that enters the vaporizer at 202.2°F at a rate of 157,895 lbm/h leaves it at 282.4°F and 225.8 psia as saturated vapor. This saturated vapor expands in the turbine to 95.8°F and 19.0 psia and produces 1271 kW of electric power. About 200 kW of this power is used by the pumps, the auxiliaries, and the six fans of the condenser. Subsequently, the organic working fluid is condensed in an air-cooled condenser by air that enters the condenser at 55°F at a rate of 4,195,100 lbm/h and leaves at 84.5°F. The working fluid is pumped and then preheated in a preheater to 202.2°F by absorbing 11.14 MBtu/h of heat from the geothermal water (coming from the vaporizer of Level II) entering the preheater at 211.8°F and leaving at 154.0°F. Taking the average specific heat of the geothermal water to be 1.03 Btu/lbm · °F, determine (a) the exit temperature of the geothermal water from the vaporizer, (b) the rate of heat rejection from the working fluid to the air in the condenser, (c) the mass flow rate of the geothermal water at the preheater, and (d) the thermal efficiency of the Level I cycle of this geothermal power plant. Get 10.90 exercise solution

10–91 Steam enters the turbine of a steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle at a pressure of 6 MPa, and it leaves as a saturated vapor at 7.5 kPa. Heat is transferred to the steam in the boiler at a rate of 40,000 kJ/s. Steam is cooled in the condenser by the cooling water from a nearby river, which enters the condenser at 15°C. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the turbine inlet temperature, (b) the net power output and thermal efficiency, and (c) the minimum mass flow rate of the cooling water required. Get 10.91 exercise solution

10–92 A steam power plant operates on an ideal Rankine cycle with two stages of reheat and has a net power output of 120 MW. Steam enters all three stages of the turbine at 500°C. The maximum pressure in the cycle is 15 MPa, and the minimum pressure is 5 kPa. Steam is reheated at 5 MPa the first time and at 1 MPa the second time. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle and (b) the mass flow rate of the steam. Answers: (a) 45.5 percent, (b) 64.4 kg/s Get 10.92 exercise solution

10–93 Consider a steam power plant that operates on a regenerative Rankine cycle and has a net power output of 150 MW. Steam enters the turbine at 10 MPa and 500°C and the condenser at 10 kPa. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine is 80 percent, and that of the pumps is 95 percent. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.5 MPa to heat the feedwater in an open feedwater heater. Water leaves the feedwater heater as a saturated liquid. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram, and determine (a) the mass flow rate of steam through the boiler and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Also, determine the exergy destruction associated with the regeneration process. Assume a source temperature of 1300 K and a sink temperature of 303 K. Get 10.93 exercise solution

10–94 Repeat Prob. 10–93 assuming both the pump and the turbine are isentropic. Get 10.94 exercise solution

10–95 Consider an ideal reheat–regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. The boiler pressure is 10 MPa, the condenser pressure is 15 kPa, the reheater pressure is 1 MPa, and the feedwater pressure is 0.6 MPa. Steam enters both the high- and low-pressure turbines at 500°C. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and determine (a) the fraction of steam extracted for regeneration and (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle Get 10.95 exercise solution

10–96 Repeat Prob. 10–95 assuming an isentropic efficiency of 84 percent for the turbines and 100 percent for the pumps. Get 10.96 exercise solution

10–97 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat– regenerative Rankine cycle with one reheater and two feedwater heaters, one open and one closed. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and the lowpressure turbine at 1 MPa and 500°C. The condenser pressure is 5 kPa. Steam is extracted from the turbine at 0.6 MPa for the closed feedwater heater and at 0.2 MPa for the open feedwater heater. In the closed feedwater heater, the feedwater is heated to the condensation temperature of the extracted steam. The extracted steam leaves the closed feedwater heater as a saturated liquid, which is subsequently throttled to the open feedwater heater. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines. Determine (a) the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine for the open feedwater heater, (b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and (c) the net power output for a mass flow rate of 42 kg/s through the boiler. Get 10.97 exercise solution

10–98 Consider a cogeneration power plant that is modified with reheat and that produces 3 MW of power and supplies 7 MW of process heat. Steam enters the high-pressure turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C and expands to a pressure of 1 MPa. At this pressure, part of the steam is extracted from the turbine and routed to the process heater, while the remainder is reheated to 500°C and expanded in the low-pressure turbine to the condenser pressure of 15 kPa. The condensate from the condenser is pumped to 1 MPa and is mixed with the extracted steam, which leaves the process heater as a compressed liquid at 120°C. The mixture is then pumped to the boiler pressure. Assuming the turbine to be isentropic, show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect to saturation lines, and disregarding pump work, determine (a) the rate of heat input in the boiler and (b) the fraction of steam extracted for process heating. Get 10.98 exercise solution

10–99 The gas-turbine cycle of a combined gas–steam power plant has a pressure ratio of 8. Air enters the compressor at 290 K and the turbine at 1400 K. The combustion gases leaving the gas turbine are used to heat the steam at 15 MPa to 450°C in a heat exchanger. The combustion gases leave the heat exchanger at 247°C. Steam expands in a highpressure turbine to a pressure of 3 MPa and is reheated in the combustion chamber to 500°C before it expands in a lowpressure turbine to 10 kPa. The mass flow rate of steam is 30 kg/s. Assuming all the compression and expansion processes to be isentropic, determine (a) the mass flow rate of air in the gas-turbine cycle, (b) the rate of total heat input, and (c) the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle. Get 10.99 exercise solution

10–100 Repeat Prob. 10–99 assuming isentropic efficiencies of 100 percent for the pump, 80 percent for the compressor, and 85 percent for the gas and steam turbines. Get 10.100 exercise solution

10–101 Starting with Eq. 10–20, show that the exergy destruction associated with a simple ideal Rankine cycle can be expressed as i = qin(hth,Carnot - hth), where hth is efficiency of the Rankine cycle and hth,Carnot is the efficiency of the Carnot cycle operating between the same temperature limits. Get 10.101 exercise solution

10–102 Steam is to be supplied from a boiler to a highpressure turbine whose isentropic efficiency is 75 percent at conditions to be determined. The steam is to leave the high-pressure turbine as a saturated vapor at 1.4 MPa, and the turbine is to produce 1 MW of power. Steam at the turbine exit is extracted at a rate of 1000 kg/min and routed to a process heater while the rest of the steam is supplied to a low-pressure turbine whose isentropic efficiency is 60 percent. The low-pressure turbine allows the steam to expand to 10 kPa pressure and produces 0.8 MW of power. Determine the temperature, pressure, and the flow rate of steam at the inlet of the high-pressure turbine. Get 10.102 exercise solution

10–103 A textile plant requires 4 kg/s of saturated steam at 2 MPa, which is extracted from the turbine of a cogeneration plant. Steam enters the turbine at 8 MPa and 500°C at a rate of 11 kg/s and leaves at 20 kPa. The extracted steam leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid and mixes with the feedwater at constant pressure. The mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure. Assuming an isentropic efficiency of 88 percent for both the turbine and the pumps, determine (a) the rate of process heat supply, (b) the net power output, and (c) the utilization factor of the plant. Get 10.103 exercise solution

10–104 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the condenser pressure on the performance of a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Turbine inlet conditions of steam are maintained constant at 5 MPa and 500°C while the condenser pressure is varied from 5 to 100 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and plot it against the condenser pressure, and discuss the results. Get 10.104 exercise solution

10–105 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the boiler pressure on the performance of a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 500°C and exits at 10 kPa. The boiler pressure is varied from 0.5 to 20 MPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and plot it against the boiler pressure, and discuss the results. Get 10.105 exercise solution

10–106 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of superheating the steam on the performance of a simple ideal Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 3 MPa and exits at 10 kPa. The turbine inlet temperature is varied from 250 to 1100°C. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and plot it against the turbine inlet temperature, and discuss the results. Get 10.106 exercise solution

10–107 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of reheat pressure on the performance of an ideal Rankine cycle. The maximum and minimum pressures in the cycle are 15 MPa and 10 kPa, respectively, and steam enters both stages of the turbine at 500°C. The reheat pressure is varied from 12.5 to 0.5 MPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and plot it against the reheat pressure, and discuss the results. Get 10.107 exercise solution

10–108 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of number of reheat stages on the performance of an ideal Rankine cycle. The maximum and minimum pressures in the cycle are 15 MPa and 10 kPa, respectively, and steam enters all stages of the turbine at 500°C. For each case, maintain roughly the same pressure ratio across each turbine stage. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and plot it against the number of reheat stages 1, 2, 4, and 8, and discuss the results. Get 10.108 exercise solution

10–109 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of extraction pressure on the performance of an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. Steam enters the turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and the condenser at 10 kPa. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and plot it against extraction pressures of 12.5, 10, 7, 5, 2, 1, 0.5, 0.1, and 0.05 MPa, and discuss the results. Get 10.109 exercise solution

10–110 Using EES (or other) software, investigate the effect of the number of regeneration stages on the performance of an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle. Steam enters the turbine at 15 MPa and 600°C and the condenser at 5 kPa. For each case, maintain about the same temperature difference between any two regeneration stages. Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and plot it against the number of regeneration stages for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 regeneration stages. Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems Get 10.110 exercise solution

10–111 Consider a steady-flow Carnot cycle with water as the working fluid executed under the saturation dome between the pressure limits of 8 MPa and 20 kPa. Water changes from saturated liquid to saturated vapor during the heat addition process. The net work output of this cycle is (a) 494 kJ/kg (b) 975 kJ/kg (c) 596 kJ/kg (d) 845 kJ/kg (e) 1148 kJ/kg Get 10.111 exercise solution

10–112 A simple ideal Rankine cycle operates between the pressure limits of 10 kPa and 3 MPa, with a turbine inlet temperature of 600°C. Disregarding the pump work, the cycle efficiency is (a) 24 percent (b) 37 percent (c) 52 percent (d) 63 percent (e) 71 percent Get 10.112 exercise solution

10–113 A simple ideal Rankine cycle operates between the pressure limits of 10 kPa and 5 MPa, with a turbine inlet temperature of 600°C. The mass fraction of steam that condenses at the turbine exit is (a) 6 percent (b) 9 percent (c) 12 percent (d) 15 percent (e) 18 percent Get 10.113 exercise solution

10–114 A steam power plant operates on the simple ideal Rankine cycle between the pressure limits of 10 kPa and 10 MPa, with a turbine inlet temperature of 600°C. The rate of heat transfer in the boiler is 800 kJ/s. Disregarding the pump work, the power output of this plant is (a) 243 kW (b) 284 kW (c) 508 kW (d) 335 kW (e) 800 kW Get 10.114 exercise solution

10–115 Consider a combined gas-steam power plant. Water for the steam cycle is heated in a well-insulated heat exchanger by the exhaust gases that enter at 800 K at a rate of 60 kg/s and leave at 400 K. Water enters the heat exchanger at 200°C and 8 MPa and leaves at 350°C and 8 MPa. If the exhaust gases are treated as air with constant specific heats at room temperature, the mass flow rate of water through the heat exchanger becomes (a) 11 kg/s (b) 24 kg/s (c) 46 kg/s (d) 53 kg/s (e) 60 kg/s Get 10.115 exercise solution

10–116 An ideal reheat Rankine cycle operates between the pressure limits of 10 kPa and 8 MPa, with reheat occurring at 4 MPa. The temperature of steam at the inlets of both turbines is 500°C, and the enthalpy of steam is 3185 kJ/kg at the exit of the high-pressure turbine, and 2247 kJ/kg at the exit of the low-pressure turbine. Disregarding the pump work, the cycle efficiency is (a) 29 percent (b) 32 percent (c) 36 percent (d) 41 percent (e) 49 percent Get 10.116 exercise solution

10–117 Pressurized feedwater in a steam power plant is to be heated in an ideal open feedwater heater that operates at a pressure of 0.5 MPa with steam extracted from the turbine. If the enthalpy of feedwater is 252 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of extracted steam is 2665 kJ/kg, the mass fraction of steam extracted from the turbine is (a) 4 percent (b) 10 percent (c) 16 percent (d) 27 percent (e) 12 percent Get 10.117 exercise solution

10–118 Consider a steam power plant that operates on the regenerative Rankine cycle with one open feedwater heater. The enthalpy of the steam is 3374 kJ/kg at the turbine inlet, 2797 kJ/kg at the location of bleeding, and 2346 kJ/kg at the turbine exit. The net power output of the plant is 120 MW, and the fraction of steam bled off the turbine for regeneration is 0.172. If the pump work is negligible, the mass flow rate of steam at the turbine inlet is (a) 117 kg/s (b) 126 kg/s (c) 219 kg/s (d) 268 kg/s (e) 679 kg/s Get 10.118 exercise solution

10–119 Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle. If the condenser pressure is lowered while keeping turbine inlet state the same, (a) the turbine work output will decrease. (b) the amount of heat rejected will decrease. (c) the cycle efficiency will decrease. (d) the moisture content at turbine exit will decrease. (e) the pump work input will decrease. Get 10.119 exercise solution

10–120 Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed boiler and condenser pressures. If the steam is superheated to a higher temperature, (a) the turbine work output will decrease. (b) the amount of heat rejected will decrease. (c) the cycle efficiency will decrease. (d) the moisture content at turbine exit will decrease. (e) the amount of heat input will decrease. Get 10.120 exercise solution

10–121 Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed boiler and condenser pressures. If the cycle is modified with reheating, (a) the turbine work output will decrease. (b) the amount of heat rejected will decrease. (c) the pump work input will decrease. (d) the moisture content at turbine exit will decrease. (e) the amount of heat input will decrease. Get 10.121 exercise solution

10–122 Consider a simple ideal Rankine cycle with fixed boiler and condenser pressures. If the cycle is modified with regeneration that involves one open feedwater heater (select the correct statement per unit mass of steam flowing through the boiler), (a) the turbine work output will decrease. (b) the amount of heat rejected will increase. (c) the cycle thermal efficiency will decrease. (d) the quality of steam at turbine exit will decrease. (e) the amount of heat input will increase. Get 10.122 exercise solution

10–123 Consider a cogeneration power plant modified with regeneration. Steam enters the turbine at 6 MPa and 450°C at a rate of 20 kg/s and expands to a pressure of 0.4 MPa. At this pressure, 60 percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine, and the remainder expands to a pressure of 10 kPa. Part of the extracted steam is used to heat feedwater in an open feedwater heater. The rest of the extracted steam is used for process heating and leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 0.4 MPa. It is subsequently mixed with the feedwater leaving the feedwater heater, and the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure. The steam in the condenser is cooled and condensed by the cooling water from a nearby river, which enters the adiabatic condenser at a rate of 463 kg/s. 1. The total power output of the turbine is (a) 17.0 MW (b) 8.4 MW (c) 12.2 MW (d) 20.0 MW (e) 3.4 MW 2. The temperature rise of the cooling water from the river in the condenser is (a) 8.0°C (b) 5.2°C (c) 9.6°C (d) 12.9°C (e) 16.2°C 3. The mass flow rate of steam through the process heater is (a) 1.6 kg/s (b) 3.8 kg/s (c) 5.2 kg/s (d) 7.6 kg/s (e) 10.4 kg/s 4. The rate of heat supply from the process heater per unit mass of steam passing through it is (a) 246 kJ/kg (b) 893 kJ/kg (c) 1344 kJ/kg (d) 1891 kJ/kg (e) 2060 kJ/kg 5. The rate of heat transfer to the steam in the boiler is (a) 26.0 MJ/s (b) 53.8 MJ/s (c) 39.5 MJ/s (d) 62.8 MJ/s (e) 125.4 MJ/s Get 10.123 exercise solution